musical theatre

Ella Fitzgerald | Tea for Two

“’Tea for Two’ was introduced … in the Broadway musical, No, No, Nanette, which opened on September 16, 1925 … ” (JazzStandards.com). “The song was known to the public well before its official introduction, as the pre-Broadway run of No, No, Nanette was so successful in Chicago that its producer, Harry Frazee, let it play there for over a year. Although sentimental, operetta-like lyrics were fading in popularity in the early 1900s, they had not completely fallen from favor by 1924, especially in Broadway musicals. But by the middle 1900s, songs like ‘Tea for Two,’ thought to be corny and dated, were relegated to novelty tune status. A case in point: ‘Tea for Two’ was the number Doc Severinsen’s Band would play while Johnny Carson broke into a soft-shoe dance when a joke or skit failed.

Saving the song from extinction, and responsible for its popularity as a jazz standard, is the repetitive and energetic nature of Vincent Youmans’ composition. Its refrain is almost entirely dotted quarter and eighth notes; its narrow range is just over one octave; and the bridge is almost not a bridge, repeating the main theme in a different key.”

Ella Fitzgerald’s version with Count Basie’s band (1963) starts in F major; the AAAB tune travels up to A major for its second A section (heard for the first time between 0:27 – 0:41) before reverting to the original key.

One Day (from “Groundhog Day”)

“In the role that won him the 2017 Olivier, Drama Desk and Outer Critics Award for Best Actor, Andy Karl plays Phil Connors—a disgruntled big-city weatherman mysteriously stuck in small-town America reliving the same day over and over and over again—with no consequences, no regrets, no tomorrows, and no hangovers,” (Broadway.com). “But once he starts getting to know associate TV producer Rita Hanson, he discovers it’s a day of second, third, and fourth chances.

“Tim Minchin, with too many credits to mention, perfects the music and lyrics for Groundhog Day,” (New York Theatre Guide). “Minchin’s score makes a joyful noise, to be sure, but it is not unalloyed hoopla. As one of the shows recurring lines underscores — for all the toe tapping mania — ‘there’s a sense of sadness’ (and, I would argue, of substance). While there is a nod to Leonard Cohen and another to Jerome Kern … this is an original score that will endure. The sometimes dense lyrics, by turns funny and poignant — in the mode of Sondheim — leave you stretching to sort it all out at times. It’s more than worth the effort.”

Starting in Eb major, the piece shifts to G major after the solos and as the chorus enters at 1:52. The footage is from the rehearsals for the 2023 return of the show at London’s Old Vic Theatre.

Dentist! (from “Little Shop of Horrors”)

“… Even if you aren’t a fan of musicals, please don’t instantly dismiss Little Shop. There’s so much more to it than people describing the minutia of their lives through song,” (The Guardian). “With nods to sci-fi and B-movies, as well as its effective self-mockery, it’s an easy way to get acquainted with the musical comedy genre. Directed by Frank Oz, the 1986 film is based on the 1982 off-Broadway stage show of the same name, which in turn is based on a 1960 Roger Corman film, which it largely honours in terms of story.

… Howard Ashman and Alan Menken are to be thanked for the lyrics and music respectively, with Ashman also writing the screenplay – though their names are probably more associated with late 80s and early 90s Disney films such as The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin … (the show) draws on 60s rock’n’roll, doo-wop and swing, and I think there might even be a bit of calypso in there. Little Shop is a love story. It’s also a story about conquering your demons and discovering the best you can be – even if it takes a blood-guzzling talking plant to get you there.”

The uptempo tune “Dentist!” is immortalized in the film version of the musical by comedian Steve Martin, whose strong musicality has never gotten enough notice — perhaps because his comedic skills are even better. A textbook whole-step key change hits exactly where you’re hoping to hear it — about 60% of the way through the tune (1:34).

Journey On (from “Ragtime”)

“A turn-of-the-century tale of race, class, and hope … Set at the dawn of the 20th century, Ragtime intertwines the lives of three families in pursuit of the American Dream,” (Show-Score.com). “Coalhouse Walker Jr., a Black pianist, and his beloved Sarah navigate a society rife with racial tensions. Tateh, a Jewish immigrant from Latvia, seeks a better life for his daughter amidst the challenges of assimilation. Meanwhile, a white upper-class family grapples with their own evolving ideals. Their stories converge, painting a vivid portrait of a nation on the cusp of change.” The musical was composed by Stephen Flaherty, lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, and a book by Terrence McNally. Based a novel of the same name (1975) by E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime initially opened on Broadway in 1998. The show has enjoyed several revivals, including a current Broadway run.

“As the characters’ lives collide, a world wracked by racism, anti-immigrant hate, social inequality, and violence comes into unsettling view,” (New York Theatre Guide). “You don’t have to squint to see Ragtime’s enduring relevance. That’s a great thing about the show, though not about the state of current events.”

After a protracted spoken intro, the melody of “Journey On” begins at 0:58 in E major. At 1:36, a shift up a whole step to F# major underscores a change in the storytelling’s focus, then again upward to G# major at 3:13.

21 Guns (from “American Idiot”)

“When young dirtbag punk trio Green Day signed to a major label in 1994, their first album, Dookie, captured the small pleasures of a disconnected working-class youth that was fast running out of options,” (The Guardian). “Their songs about getting high, jerking off and defiantly refusing to participate in the system were relatable and catchy – pleasingly melodic with 1950s doo-wop influences, coupled with California punk-style bass and drums. Pop-punk would later explode as a genre, in part to emulate Green Day’s singable raucousness.

Their ideas back then were scattershot, more informed by feeling than sociopolitical thought. But 10 years later, the band found their political voice and released their manifesto: American Idiot. Billed as a “rock opera”, the album was a sophisticated, horrified portrait of America in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the conservative Bush presidency, and rapidly disappearing opportunities for those living close to America’s poverty line. American Idiot was a smash, selling 15 million records – and in 2010, a stage adaptation landed on Broadway. The album’s driving rock structure was coupled with songs from Green Day’s next album, 21st Century Breakdown, and caressed into soaring, edgy vocal arrangements and new orchestrations by the band and composer Tom Kitt, whose musical Next to Normal picked up a Pulitzer prize that same year.”

The original “21 Guns,” released on 2009’s 21st Century Breakdown, was written in one key throughout. But the Broadway version, while built around the same repeating melodic phrases and lyrics-forward delivery, features several changes in tonality. Starting in G minor, the tune shifts (after two verses and a chorus in the relative Bb major performed by female vocalists) to D minor as Green Day’s lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong takes the reins. For the second chorus, the key flips over to the relative F major at 2:34. More key changes follow throghout.

The original video by the band is included after the cast version from the 2010 stage producion, below.

If I Sing (from “Closer Than Ever”)

“The angst of American middle-age – when many of us question the paths we’ve taken and the ones we’re moving toward – has never been as tuneful as in the (1989) show Closer Than Ever,” (WHYY). “The smart, sophisticated musical revue opened Off-Broadway (35) years ago, when we had yet to know the real power of a pixel and only the birds sent a tweet. But Closer Than Ever is as current today as it was then … It consists of 24 songs – a dozen in each act – that reflect the cycles running through most (and maybe all) of our lives: staying in love or not, parenting, parenting your parents, figuring out what the right thing is and doing it, doing the wrong thing and paying for it.

… We have the power couple trying to figure out who can take the baby for an afternoon in the absence of a nanny, and the divorcees who now date and hate it. (“Churning out the small talk with someone who is all talk.”) One character later sings that “the visions seep in my head of the life I could have led.” Why, sings Deirdre Finnegan, “are patterns haunting every move I make?” … If this appears to come down on the side of dreariness, it doesn’t … these ultimately come across as songs about connection and new experiences. The music is by David Shire (Baby, the film Saturday Night Fever) and Richard Maltby Jr. (Baby, Ain’t Misbehavin’, Miss Saigon).”

Beginning in F# minor, “If I Sing” transitions to A major at 1:04, among other harmonic shifts. This tribute to familial love, shared tradition, and humbleness in the face of the passage of time is — ultimately — about connection.

Three Dog Night | Easy to Be Hard

“‘Easy To Be Hard’ appeared in the stage musical Hair (1968). It became a smash American Top 40 hit in its own right,” (Last.FM). “It was played frequently by Top 40 radio stations well into the summer of ’69. The track spoke to the milieu of the late ’60s: Social consciousness and social injustice. For that reason, young America embraced it.” From Sleepless Critic’s review: “Before cell phones, the internet, and alternate forms of digital communication invited people to text and talk on a computer screen as an alternative to seeing someone in person, Hair highlights the value of in person camaraderie, especially when things seem to be falling apart. Set in war-torn 1968 and focusing on a tribe of hippies that could possibly be drafted, emotionally and physically holding onto each other helps them cope in a world gone mad.”

The tune was written by Galt MacDermot, James Rado, and Gerome Ragni and was first released by Suzannah Evans, Linda Compton, Paul Jabara and the company of the musical Hair in October 1967 (SecondHandSongs). It was then released as a single by Three Dog Night in July 1969.

Starting with a vamp alternating between a conflicting C major and A major, the tune eventually settles into D major partway through the verse. At 1:33, the chorus begins in G major, shifting to A major at 1:44. The verse returns and the pattern continues from there, until the final chord shifts unexpectedly to B minor.

Mame (from “Mame”)

“The musical Mame was a hit in the 1960s, originally starring Angela Lansbury … The musical leads us through New York in the Prohibition Era and the Great Depression,” (Mancunion.com). “It follows an orphan boy named Patrick, who is sent to live with his last remaining relative, his bohemian aunt Mame, who declares to him: ‘Life’s a banquet and most poor sons-of-bitches are starving to death.’

.. Although disapproved of by the trustees of Patrick’s late father’s estate, Mame is incredibly loving to her nephew and progressive by our modern standards: in her group of artist friends, we see several same-gender couples; she proclaims sexual liberation for women, and later vows to open a home to support single mothers. Other than some outdated language, Mame translates well into the twenty first century … Mame is a show that features many platonic relationships between women – something that is rare in musicals – and also emphasizes the comedic abilities of actresses.”

Both the music and lyrics of the title theme of the 1966 musical were written by Jerry Herman, also known for Hello Dolly and La Cage Aux Folles. Starting out in Bb major, the iconic tune shifts to B major (1:17), C major (2:24), followed by a frenetic instrumental section featuring several other keys, landing in Ab major at 4:24 and then — finally — A major at 5:20.

Once and For All (from “Newsies”)

“Inspired by the Newsboys Strike of 1899 in New York City, Newsies revolves around Jack Kelly, a newspaper delivery boy — aka “newsie” — who is living among a group of other young newsies, most of them homeless or orphaned,” (ArtsATL.org). “Jack dreams of being an artist and escaping to Santa Fe. Among his clan are disabled friend Crutchie, Davey, and Davey’s young brother Les, who have joined the group after their father becomes unable to work. When publisher Joseph Pulitzer decides to raise the cost of the newspapers to the boys by a dime, it causes the gang to protest and eventually strike.

The book is by Harvey Feirstein, music by Alan Menken, and lyrics by Jack Feldman. Nominated for eight Tony Awards in 2012, it won two, for choreography and music, losing the big prize to Once … Overall, Newsies is brisk and compact with a tight score, complete with some showstoppers.” The musical opened on Broadway in 2012.

After a gentle intro in G major, “Once and For All” jumps to its relative E minor for most of the track as it tumbles forward with a grim energy. Other minor keys are visited as the focus remains on the compelling lyrics, the straightforward repeated melody, and a relentless four-on-the-floor groove. The key of A minor happens to be in effect when the tonality explosively shifts to A major (3:08) and a less frenetic, more anthemic feel for a late bridge — just in time for the pivotal lyric “There’s change coming, once and for all.” But at 3:34, we’re back to the minor grind for the song’s closing moments.

Ben Folds | It’s the Small Things, Charlie Brown

“Up until this February, alt-pop veteran Ben Folds was an artistic advisor to the National Symphony Orchestra.” (Stereogum). “When Donald Trump took over the Kennedy Center, Folds resigned his post, writing, ‘Not for me.’ Fair enough! It’s not like Folds wasn’t making his own music when he had that job; he released the Christmas album Sleigher last year. Now, Folds has another new project ready to go. He’s co-written the song for Snoopy Presents: A Summer Musical, a new special coming out on AppleTV+ this summer.

According to an Apple press release, the forthcoming 40-minute special Snoopy Presents: A Summer Musical is ‘the first Peanuts musical in 35 years.’ It’s about the Peanuts gang going to summer camp. Jeff Morrow, Ben Folds collaborator on the songs, has scored a number of more-recent Peanuts specials, as well as films like Disney’s live-action Snow White and The Little Mermaid remakes. Ben Folds, a regular Schroeder, has been in the Peanuts system before; he wrote and performed the theme to the 2022 AppleTV+ special It’s The Small Things, Charlie Brown.” The production of Snoopy Presents: A Summer Musical will debut 7/18 on AppleTV+.

“It’s the Small Things, Charlie Brown” finds Folds indeed channeling the warmup moves of the Peanuts franchise’s resident pianist before he digs into the tune. Starting in G major, the track features Folds’ trademark vocals-forward sound. After the quieter texture of the bridge starts at 2:20, there’s a late key change up a whole step to A major at 2:50.